Lost Bird (Zintkála Nuni)
Detailed citations and links to artists and institutions in the music video
Based on the song “Little Bird” (Lost Bird of Wounded Knee) by Brad Colerick
This tale of found & lost portrays the troubled life of a Lakota baby who survived the 1890 Massacre at Wounded Knee, only to struggle with identity and acceptance in white high society along with the loss of her own cultural heritage and people. Presented in a montage of animated ledger art, vintage silent movie clips and historic photographs set to an original song written and performed by Brad Colerick, it gives voice to one whose own was taken from her. The song “Little Bird" (Lost Bird of Wounded Knee) was written and recorded with a Lakota drum and Native American flute to capture her bold spirit as well as her struggles. The use of ledger art, a genre introduced by imprisoned American Indians and known for child-like simplicity of line and color, is intended to respect a Native American storytelling tradition. We used historic Lakota, Oglala, and Ioway illustrations where possible, (and recreated some, where needed,) on top of actual military records, reactionary telegraphs and broken treaties as the canvas for the characters at Wounded Knee.
The song and film are a posthumous acknowledgement of a terrible tragedy — not just for one life, but for many. Our hope is that people will learn more about “Lost Bird” and the 1978 Native American Adoption Law upheld by the Supreme Court on June 15th, 2023 — and find a place in their hearts for Zintka.
Sources of imagery used to create Lost Bird (Zintkála Nuni)
The credit scroll in the music video Lost Bird (Zintkála Nuni) is an abbreviated list of contributors, to prevent it from being longer than the short film itself! This page provides more complete detail. Some historic photographs were altered in color and/or cropped for dramatic effect. Some original Lakota art from Ledger Books and Winter Counts has been included, and some recreated. This list contains complete scene-by-scene descriptions and links to websites, for those interested in seeing original materials.
Opening: “Little Lost Bird”
Historic Photo: Five-year old Zintkála Nuni in Indian clothing with feather headband and feather in hand. Public domain originally found online at True West Magazine. “A Babe on the Battlefield” Del Bene, Terry A., Nov. 24, 2016.
https://truewestmagazine.com/article/a-babe-on-the-battlefield/
Little Bird
Illustration: Drawing based on Ghost Dance Shirt from Wikimedia Commons. A painted buckskin Ghost Dance shirt. Arapaho c. 1890. On display at the Blackhawk Museum, Danville, California. Photo by Jim Heaphy.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ghost_Dance_shirt.jpg
Titles - Wounded Knee Encampment
Historic Photo: Folded photograph with notes dissolving to flat photograph– No. 3969 “Villa of Brule 1891”, Grabill, John C. H, photographer. Villa of Brule the great hostile Indian camp on River Brule near Pine Ridge, S.D / photo. and copyright by Grabill, Deadwood, S.D. Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/99613792
Title: “Lost Bird” typography from Newspapers.com (Online: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012), [Originally published “The Pathetic Romance of Little Miss Lost Bird” in The Indianapolis Star Sun., Jul 29, 1906, p.1.]
Big Foot’s Camp
Background: General Forsythe’s Post Return Casualty Report, December, 1890. “Field Return of Seventh Cavalry in the Field Commanded by Colonel James W. Forsyth, for the Month of December 1890. Repository: James W. Forsyth Papers. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. https://collections.library.yale.edu/catalog/2021377
Tipi’s: from the Winter Count of Battiste Good, (Sicangu Lakota, b. 1821). Images courtesy of the Library of Congress. Battiste Good, 1821-1908. Winter count: calendar, circa 1230-1907. 1 1 item. 1 oversize container.0.1 linear feet. Local shelving no.: MMC-2629 at Oversize 1: Top of cabinet. Online record: https://lccn.loc.gov/mm83085696
Note: Images viewable online at: Sioux Indian Museum, U.S. Department of the Interior, Indian Arts and Crafts Board, Rapid City. Originally published “Winter Count” by Conor McMahon - Chief Curator - U.S. Department Of The Interior - Indian Arts And Crafts Board. Published on April 13, 2018 • Last modified on May 3, 2020. https://www.sdpb.org/blogs/images-of-the-past/winter-counts/
Also see: Tipis from Battiste Good. Bureau of Ethnology, Plate XXI, Battiste Good’s Cycles. Mallery, G. Picture writing of the American Indian. [N.P, 1894] Pdf. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/item/unk83017880/ See Image 345 and 349. https://www.loc.gov/resource/gdcmassbookdig.picturewritingof00mall_0/?sp=9&st=gallery
Characters: Winter Count of Ghost Dancers by Yellow Nose, (Ute in captivity by Cheyenne, 1891.) Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of Ethnology. (1880). Annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution (14th pt. 2 1892-1893, p. 350). G.P.O. Retrieved from https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/annualreportofbu14218921893smit
The Disarmament Fight – Far Away
Background: “A telegram from Pine Ridge Agency reporting on the response to Sitting Bull’s death, December 20, 1890.” Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration. https://dp.la/primary-source-sets/the-wounded-knee-massacre/sources/747
Illustrations: Tipis from Battiste Good Winter Count. (Above) Explosive sky from a cover for Sunset Magazine, 1915 accessed through Haithi Trust.
Photo; Wagon: from photograph 82386 “Wounded Knee battlefield 1 day after” Northwestern Photo Company, courtesy of the Library of Congress; “Famous Battery “E” of First Artillery” LC-DIG-ppmsc-02562 John C. H. Grabill Collection, Prints & Photographs, Library of Congress. https://loc.gov/pictures/resource/ppmsc.02562/
Photo; Hilltop troops: “General Miles and staff. Six military men on horseback on a hill overlooking a large encampment of tipis.” 1891. Grabill, John C. H., photographer. Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 https://www.loc.gov/item/99613837/ and “Corp. Wernert [i.e. Weinart] and gunners of Battery “E” 1st Artillery” at https://loc.gov/pictures/resource/ppmsc.02552/
Photo; Hotchkiss Gun: “Rifle guns, Pine Ridge Agency, Jan. 18th, 1891”. cph 3c18964 //hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3c18964 Cross, W. R. (William R.), photographer, Prints & Photographs, Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/97516666/
Photo; Rifle: Winchester rifle from the collection of DeCost Smith, courtesy of the National Museum of the American Indian, permission granted for reuse by Smithsonian, National Museum of the American Indian Cultural Resources Center: https://americanindian.si.edu/collections-search/objects/NMAI_215157
Characters and bullets: created as homage to various Lakota Winter Counts. Character drawings in the style of Long Soldier (Hunkpapa Lakota) ca. 1902 Fort Yates, North Dakota. https://americanindian.si.edu/exhibitions/horsenation/wintercount.html
About Black Coyote: The icon of a black coyote used to show his name is imagined for this film, in the style of Winter Count iconography where this device was used to identify leaders. A deaf Lakota Indian, he is said to have refused to give up his new gun to soldiers, accidentally firing it in a scuffle and triggering the subsequent mayhem of shooting. This man was different from the Arapahoe Chief Black Coyote, who believed firmly that Ghost Dance Shirts could not be penetrated by bullets. The same photographic portrait is used by various sources to show both men. A composite character was created for a storytelling device.
https://historica.fandom.com/wiki/Black_Coyote
https://www.nevadafineart.com/sold/elbridge-ayer-burbank
Reference on Indian pictograms as names, see Image 487 in online book: https://www.loc.gov/resource/gdcmassbookdig.picturewritingof00mall_0/?sp=13&st=gallery
Historic Photos: General Forsyth in fur coat. “Officers of the 7th Calvary Regiment at Pine Ridge Agency, South Dakota, following the Battle of Wounded Knee”; sourceFort Huachuca Museum. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Officers-of-the-7th-Cavalry-Regiment-at-Pine-Ridge-Agency-South-Dakota-following-the_fig6_37165112
Photo; Canon: “Soldier and Hotchkiss Gun, Cross, W. R, photographer. Rifle guns, Pine Ridge Agency, Jan. 18th” Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/97516666/
Far Away
Background: “Letter from General Forsythe defending himself against Court Martial, James W. Forsyth (Three Drafts). 0AD” Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. https://collections.library.yale.edu/catalog/16706134
Tipis: Tipis from Battiste Good Winter Count.
Distance in Your Eyes
Portrait Photo: “Mrs. Zitkála [sic] Nuni Allen of Hanford, California . . .” at the Panama Pacific representing the Federal Suffrage Association of the United States, #722 (p. 758) of Sunset Magazine, v. 35, 1915. Digitized by Google, originally from University of California via Haithi Trust. Public domain. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.15658016&view=1up&seq=722&q1=allen
Stomp
Background: Map of “Battleground of Wounded Knee” prepared for trial of Chief Plenty Horses Diagram of the Situation at the Battle of Wounded Knee at the Time the Indians Opened Fire. 1890. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. https://collections.library.yale.edu/catalog/2018507
Boots: Partial image from Officers of the 7th Cav. at P.R. Agc. S.D. 1890. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. https://collections.library.yale.edu/catalog/2001349
Ghost Dance
Background: Dawes Act Treaty of the United States. An Act to Provide for the Allotment of Lands in Severalty to Indians on the Various Reservations (General Allotment Act or Dawes Act), Statutes at Large 24, 388-91, NADP Document A1887. https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/dawes-act
Characters: Winter Count of Ghost Dancers by Yellow Nose, (Ute in captivity by Cheyenne, 1891.) Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of Ethnology. (1880). Annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution (14th pt. 2 1892-1893, p. 350 of 608). G.P.O. Retrieved from https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/annualreportofbu14218921893smit
Shadow of the Massacre
Background: Snowy field. Bureau of Ethnology 14th Annual Report, “Battlefield After the Blizzard” P. 298 of 608 (P. 298 in scanned document. Note that order of all pages in searchable doc is cattywampus at the time of this post). Retrieved from https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/annualreportofbu14218921893smit
Feather: Illustration excerpted from Winter Count by Yellow Nose (above, see Big Foot’s Camp).
Drumbeat 1 – “Hotchkiss Gunners”
Soldiers Photograph: “Hotchkiss Gun and Corporal Wernert [i.e. Weinert] and gunners of Battery "E" 1st Artillery, copyright 1891 by the Grabill P. & V., Deadwood, S.D.” John C. H. Grabill Collection, Prints & Photographs, Library of Congress. LOT 3076-4, no. 3692 1/2 [P&P]
https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/99613836/
Smoky sky adapted from “Little Lost Bird studio photograph, see “Opening, Little Lost Bird” above)
Vintage Film Footage: These scenes are intercut with glimpses of Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show Ghost Dancers from 1906, the year that Zintka travelled overseas with the show as a “real Indian.” (Three clips of Ghost Dance footage from Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show, 1906, courtesy of the Library of Congress. Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show from Lumiere footage, starting at about 03:41): https://www.loc.gov/item/79710460/
Note: Zintka may be among the dancers shown, as this South Dakota Public Broadcasting timeline places her in the Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show in 1906. https://www.sdpb.org/learn/nativeamerican/lost-bird-of-wounded-knee/timeline/
Drumbeat 2 – Bodies
Aftermath Photograph: from “View of Wounded Knee #82386 Copyrighted by the Northwestern Photo Co., Chadron Neb., Jan. 1st, 1891”. “Chief Spotted Elk’s camp three weeks after the Wounded Knee Massacre (Dec. 29, 1890) . . .” LC-DIG-ppmsca-15849. Trager & Kuhn, Prints & Photographs, Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2007678212/
Drumbeat 3 – Blown-up Wagon and Soldier Observers
“Remains of Lakota and Sioux People and horses . . . at Wounded Knee Massacre, S.D.” cph 3a42868 //hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3a42868, Trager & Kuhn, Prints & Photographs, Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/2007681570/
Mother’s Child – “Keep You Breathing”
Background: Photo: Smithsonian Institution. “Battlefield After the Blizzard”
Bureau of Ethnology. (1880). Annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution (14th pt. 2 1892-1893, p. 298 of 608). G.P.O. Retrieved from https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/annualreportofbu14218921893smit
Historic Document: Flash frames of the Homestead Act: Found within online archives of National Archives. Image FC7427-FC7452_00601 https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/homestead-act
Special Effects: Flash frames – Bullet wound: Created by modifying one of four wax seals from First Treaty, 1778. https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/releases/first-written-treaty-between-us-and-native-american-nation-be-shown-american-indian-museum
Characters: Drawing based on Ghost Dance Shirt from Wikimedia Commons. A painted buckskin Ghost Dance shirt. Arapaho c. 1890. On display at the Blackhawk Museum, Danville, California. Photo by Jim Heaphy.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ghost_Dance_shirt.jpg
Studio Portrait
Studio Photograph: Portrait of General L. W. Colby of Nebraska State Troops Holding Baby Girl, Zintkala Nuni (Little Lost Bird), Found On Wounded Knee Battlefield, South Dakota, 1890 n.d. Public Domain downloaded from Wikimedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Wright_Colby#/media/File:Portrait_of_General_L._W._Colby_of_Nebraska_State_Troops_Holding_Baby_Girl,_Zintkala_Nuni_(Little_Lost_Bird),_Found_On_Wounded_Knee_Battlefield,_South_Dakota,_1890_n.d.jpg
Map and Train - “Orphaned Like the Buffalo”
Map: “. . . Chief of Engineers 1886” From the collection of DeCost Smith, photograph in private collection of Susan Blakeny. Repository Cornell University.
Train and Hunters: Drawn by Scott Feldmann in the style of Lakota Winter Counts
Character Drawing: Buffalo and Lakota hunter on horseback based on Ledger Art by Roan Eagle, Teton Dakota. Image 7 of 38, UAN: NMNH-387048_08528107 Courtesy of the Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History. https://edan.si.edu/slideshow/viewer/?damspath=/Public_Sets/NMNH/NMNH-RC-Anthropology/NMNH-RC-Anth-Archives/NMNH-RC-Anth-Archives-NAA/NAA-MS/NAA-MS_387048
Illustrations: Buffalo Skulls from “Buffalo Skull Sun Dance by No Heart”. Public domain image, modified and colorized. Source unk.
Ghost Dance - “Spirits Have Come Looking for You”
Characters: Ancestor spirits from the Winter Count of Battiste Good
https://edan.si.edu/slideshow/viewer/?damspath=/Public_Sets/NMNH/NMNH-RC-Anthropology/NMNH-RC-Anth-Archives/NMNH-RC-Anth-Archives-NAA/NAA-MS/NAA-MS_2372/box12/Battiste_Good
Characters: Ghost Dancers by Yellow Nose. Winter Count of Ghost Dancers by Yellow Nose, (Ute in captivity by Cheyenne, 1891.) Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of Ethnology. (1880). Annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution (14th pt. 2 1892-1893, p. 350 of 608). G.P.O. Retrieved from https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/annualreportofbu14218921893smit
Note: Full color images of “ancestor spirits” from the Winter Count of Battiste Good from Treasures of the IACB is viewable online, but was not used in this film. Repository: Library of Congress. Online at the collection of the Sioux Indian Museum, U.S. Department of the Interior, Indian Arts and Crafts Board. https://www.doi.gov/iacb/TreasuresBattiste
Headlines Scene
Backgrounds: Newspaper background throughout includes digital images from Newspapers.com. Overlay images of Zintkála Nuni through the years from various sources as follows:
“Baby Zintka Lanuni [sic] Colby”, Wisconsin Historical Society, Photographer Taylor, Studio portrait of Zintka Lanuni Colby as a baby, Image ID 26609. Used with permission. Viewed online at https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Image/IM26609
“Zintka Lanuni Colby”, Wisconsin Historical Society, Photographer Taylor, Studio portrait of Zintka Lanuni Colby as a toddler in a white dress holding a plate, Image ID 26606. Used with permission. Viewed online at https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Image/IM26606
“Zintka Lanuni Colby in Indian Clothing”, (Cap and pants): Wisconsin Historical Society, Photographer unknown, Zintka Lanuni Colby in Indian Clothing, Image ID 65133. Used with permission. Viewed online at https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Image/IM65133
“Zintka Lanuni Colby”, Zintkála Nuni in White Dress, Photographer Woods Cabinettos, c. 1897, Wisconsin Historical Society, Photographer unknown, Zintka Lanuni Colby in Indian Clothing, Image ID 26614. Used with permission. Viewed online at https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Image/IM26614
Five-year old Zintkála Nuni in Indian clothing with feather headband and feather in hand. (See Opening “Little Lost Bird” above).
Portrait of “Pathetic” Zintkála at age 16 with long hair, digital image, Newspapers.com (Online: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012), [Originally published “The Pathetic Romance of Little Miss ‘Lost Bird’", The Pittsburgh Post, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Jul 19, 1906, Sun. P. 4.]
Portrait of Zintkála at age 19 inside circle frame, digital image, Newspapers.com (Online: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012), [Originally published “The Canoe Honeymoon of the Waif of Wounded Knee", St. Louis Dispatch, St. Louis, Missouri, Jun 6, 1909, Sun. P. 56.]
Zintkála Nuni as tall teenager, photographer unknown, c. 1917, Image from “Lost Bird of Wounded Knee”, Renée Sansom Flood, 1995, attributed to the Helen Colby Collection.
Zintka in black hat; “’Lost Bird’ Going Back to Land of Sioux With Big Fortune Left by Indian Fighter”, Newspapers.com (Online: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012), [Originally published: The Buffalo Evening Times, Jan 6, 1917, Sun., Newspapers.com] Photo-illustration adding lower body and boots from “Sitting Bull and Buffalo Bill” Cabinet Card, (1898) courtesy of Library of Congress.
Flash of Tipi
Historic Photo: Flash frame behind head shot. “A young Oglala girl sitting in front of a tipi, with a puppy beside her, probably on or near Pine Ridge Reservation”. 1891. Grabill, John C. H., photographer, Prints & Photographs, Library of Congress. https://loc.gov/pictures/resource/ppmsc.02515/
Ghost Dance Indian with Arms Up – Close-up and Long Shot
Photographs: “The Ghost Dance – Rigid” p. 384, “The Ghost Dance – Unconscious” p. 388. - Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of Ethnology. (1880). Annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution (14th pt. 2 1892-1893). G.P.O. Retrieved from https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/annualreportofbu14218921893smit
Ghost Dance - “Spirits Have Come Looking For You”
Characters: Ghost Dancers by Yellow Nose. Winter Count of Ghost Dancers by Yellow Nose, (Ute in captivity by Cheyenne, 1891.) Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of Ethnology. (1880). Annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution (14th pt. 2 1892-1893, p. 350 of 608). G.P.O. Retrieved from https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/annualreportofbu14218921893smit plus; Spirit ancestors from the Winter Count of Battiste Good from Treasures of the IACB. Repository: Library of Congress. https://www.doi.gov/iacb/TreasuresBattiste
“Little Bird, troubled child, you can feel your mothers’ love, and frozen fingers”
Background: Newspapers.com (Online: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012), [Originally published: “Was it War?” Argus-Leader, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, Wed., May 27, 1891, p. 8.]
Overlays: Clara Bewick Colby illustrated portrait, Newspapers.com, [Originally published
Mrs. Clara Benk [sic] Colby, digital image, Newspapers.com (Online: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012), [Originally published “She’s At The Front”, The Calumet News, Calumet, MI, Sat. Jul 30 1898, p. 3.;
Five-year old Zintkála Nuni in Indian clothing with feather headband and feather in hand. (See “Little Lost Bird” above); Indian Woman, “Oglala Woman” Pine Ridge, 1909. Photograph by W. K. Moorehead. Image No. 337. Moorehead, Warren K. The American Indian in the United States, period -1914. Andover, Mass., The Andover Press, 1914. Pdf. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/15005358/ ; South Dakota sky photo by Brad Colerick on location at Wounded Knee Memorial, 2023).
Photograph: “Mrs. Zintkála Nuni Allen of Hanford, California . . .” (See “Distance in your eyes”, above.) Image altered for effect.
Silent Movie Film Clip - “Lost Bird . . . Zintkála Nuni”
Silent Movie Footage: Zintkála Nuni was an extra in Thomas Ince movie “War on the Plains” (Bison, 1912) Courtesy of the UCLA Film & Television Archives. Still frames of sprocket holes and “Bison Studios – New York” excerpted from another film she is said to have appeared in but could not be identified, “The Lieutenant’s Last Fight” courtesy of the Library of Congress.
Second Headlines Scene - “Aimlessly Searching or Yourself”
Background: Newspaper background throughout includes digital images from Newspapers.com. Overlay images of Zintkála Nuni through the years from various sources as follows:
Floating Images: Image of Zintkála Nuni Allen as Pocahontas in the Panama Exposition in San Francisco, 1915, digital image, Newspapers.com (Online: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012), [Originally published “Suffragist’s Convention Ends Pageant on Final Programme”, The San Francisco Examiner, San Francisco, California, USA, Jul 14, 1915, Wed. P. 10.]; Leonard Wright Colby (See Studio Portrait above); Clara Bewick Colby studio portrait from Wikimedia Commons, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Bewick_Colby#/media/File:Clara_Bewick_Colby2.
Susan B. Anthony. C.M. Bell, photographer. (1891) Miss Anthony Susan B. , 1891. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2016689542/ ;
Note: Zintka’s adoptive mother, Clara Bewick Colby, was a noteworthy Suffragette and close associate of Susan B. Anthony, who met Zintka several times.
Images of Sitting Bull and Buffalo Bill from cabinet postcard by Barry, D. F., photographer. C. 1897. Prints & Photographs, Library of Congress. LC-DIG-ds-07833 https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2007675831/
Note: Sitting Bull was killed just weeks before the Wounded Knee Massacre, and a band of Hunkpapa Indians from his tribe on the Standing Rock Reservation travelled with Big Foot’s (Spotted Elk’s) Band toward the Pine Ridge Agency, and were present at the massacre. Zintka thought it possible that Sitting Bull was her father, with her mother being his youngest wife. Her adoptive father, General Leonard Wright Colby, worked hard to deny that possibility. There is no proof that has emerged either way.
Thomas Ince, silent movie director. Taken from public domain image “Mabel Norman and Thomas Ince” https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mabel_Normand_%26_Thomas_Ince_-_Oct_1919_FF.jpg
Camera is a Bell & Howell camera once belonging to Charlie Chaplin, auctioned at Christies. Essanay Studios, where Zintka worked with Ince, was where Chaplin also made movies. https://www.retrothing.com/2007/06/for-sale-charli.html
“Lifted by the Ghost Dance . . .”
Animated illustration: Zintka in traditional Indian Dress, outspreading arms to reveal wings. Image of “Mrs. Zippala Nini Allen [sic] as “Sacajawea, the Indian squaw who guided the Lewis & Clarke Expedition into unknown regions.” in the Panama Exposition in San Francisco, 1915, digital image, Newspapers.com (Online: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012), [Originally published “Suffragist’s Convention Ends Pageant on Final Programme”, The San Francisco Examiner, San Francisco, California, USA, Jul 14, 1915, Wed. P. 10.]
“. . . You’re going home”
Illustrations: Ancestors from the Winter Count of Battiste Good
https://edan.si.edu/slideshow/viewer/?damspath=/Public_Sets/NMNH/NMNH-RC-Anthropology/NMNH-RC-Anth-Archives/NMNH-RC-Anth-Archives-NAA/NAA-MS/NAA-MS_2372/box12/Battiste_Good Photo editing and animation alters originals. Lakota Star created from Winter Count of Battiste Good tipis, modified and animated.
Wounded Knee Memorial
Historic Photo: “Wounded Knee Monument” Image 143, The American Indian in the United States, period 1850-1914Moorehead, Warren K., The Andover Press, 1914. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/resource/gdcmassbookdig.americanindianin00moor_0/?sp=143&r=-1.369,-0.02,3.738,1.548,0 Also found at “The Pine Ridge reservation; a pictorial description.” Image 75 of The Pine Ridge reservation; a pictorial description. tmp92002245. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/tmp92002245/
Modern Footage: Grass in the winds, Wounded Knee Creek, 2023, footage by Brad Colerick
Dancing Lakota Child Vintage Film Footage: Photo-edited and colorized footage based on “Sioux Ghost Dance” archived film. Heise, William, Camera, Inc Thomas A. Edison, and Hendricks. Sioux Ghost Dance. prod by Dickson, W. K.-L. , Uction [United States: Edison Manufacturing Co, 1894] Video. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/00694139/
Marbelized paper is from one of the Bureau of Ethnology books cited above. It was selected to visualize the idea that “Everything is connected.”
End.